Assets
Regulation of crypto-assets in Europe: understanding mica and tfr
By Yasmine EDDAM24 June 2025The crypto-asset ecosystem, once seen as a digital frontier for insiders, now represents a key sector for investment and innovation. For companies and individuals alike, it offers new opportunities, but its rapid development has long been accompanied by an uncertain legal framework, a source of major risks. In response, the European Union has laid the foundations for ambitious regulation with two major pieces of legislation: the MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets) and TFR (Transfer of Funds Regulation) regulations. These new rules mark a turning point, aimed at harmonising the market, protecting investors and combating illicit activities. This article aims to decipher this new legal environment and its practical consequences, as part of our overall analysis of digital assets: legal challenges and practical solutions. The legal phenomenon of crypto-assets and the need for regulation Far from being a legal vacuum, the world of crypto-assets has been the subject of numerous analyses...
Transfer of digital assets free of charge: donations, legacies and precautions
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawWealth transfer is constantly adapting to new forms of wealth. Today, digital assets, whether cryptocurrencies, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) or other blockchain-based instruments, make up a growing proportion of wealth. Their management and transfer free of charge, by gift or by...Transfer and contribution of digital assets: legal framework and taxation
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawThe management of digital assets, whether virtual currencies, tokens or NFTs, has become a central concern for individuals and businesses alike. These transactions, which range from simple transfers to incorporations, raise highly complex legal and tax issues. Far from being an area of...Guarantees and availability of digital assets: challenges and solutions
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawThe rise of digital assets has opened up unprecedented investment and financing opportunities, but it has also created considerable legal challenges. For companies and investors, the ability to use these new forms of value as a medium for credit or to transfer them securely is fundamental....The impact of technology on the legal status of digital assets: mastering the keys and powers
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawThe emergence of digital assets has profoundly altered the wealth landscape, creating new forms of wealth based on complex technological foundations. As lawyers, we have observed that the ownership and transfer of these intangible assets raises unprecedented legal issues. The particularity of these assets is that...Legal classification of digital assets: named, unnamed and special regimes
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawThe emergence of digital assets has profoundly transformed the economic and property landscape. For businesses and individuals alike, these new forms of value represent both opportunities and considerable legal challenges. Attempting to deal with them using traditional legal tools is a complex exercise, given the nature of the...Non-financial assets: identifying them and accounting for them in accordance with the rules
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawGood management of a business depends on a clear understanding of what it owns. Correctly identifying the goods, equipment or rights that make up your business assets is a fundamental first step. But how do you know whether an item should be considered a genuine "asset" in the sense...Carbon quotas, EWCs, sports transfers: accounting for specific cases
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawThe general principles of recognition, measurement, depreciation and impairment of assets form the common basis of accounting rules. However, the diversity of economic activities and the specific nature of certain assets or transactions sometimes require special rules. The General Chart of Accounts (Plan Comptable Général - PCG) provides for special treatment of certain assets...Impairment of assets: recognising exceptional impairment losses
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawAccounting depreciation, which we detailed earlier, allows you to record the normal and expected wear and tear or obsolescence of your assets. But what happens if an asset loses value more suddenly or unexpectedly? Imagine a machine that suddenly becomes obsolete because of a new competitive technology,...Depreciation and amortisation of assets: the essentials for your business
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawThe assets that your business uses on a day-to-day basis - whether machinery, premises, vehicles or even software - represent significant investments. But over time, these assets inevitably lose value. This loss can be gradual, linked to normal wear and tear, or more sudden, caused by...Book depreciation: spreading the value of your assets over time
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawYour machines wear out with production, your software becomes obsolete with new technologies, your buildings age... It's an unavoidable economic reality: most of the assets your business uses lose value over time. Your accounts need to reflect this gradual decline in value. This is the...Initial asset valuation: determining the fair entry cost
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawOnce an item has been identified as an asset that should appear on your company's balance sheet, a key question arises: for what value? Correctly determining the entry value of an asset is not a simple accounting exercise. This initial value, known as the historical cost, is the basis on which...Digital assets: legal challenges and practical solutions
Assets, Commercial, Business and Competition LawThe rise of digital assets represents an economic and technological revolution that is transforming the way we manage our assets. For legal professionals and their clients alike, this new legal territory raises complex issues. The European MICA regulation and French law attempt to provide a framework for these assets, but many grey areas remain. What is a...
EN 
FR