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Bank card fraud: liability and criminal penalties
By Raphaël MORENON3 August 2025Bankcards have become the preferred means of payment in France, but with their popularity comes increased exposure to the risk of fraud. Faced with this reality, the legislator has put in place a precise legal framework to apportion responsibilities between the cardholder, his or her bank and merchants. Understanding this system is essential for all card users, as it defines the rights and obligations of each party in the event of an incident. The aim of this article is to detail the different types of fraud, the criminal penalties incurred by fraudsters and, above all, the division of financial responsibilities in the event of loss, theft or fraudulent use of your card. We will also look at complex situations such as bogus bank adviser scams, to give you a complete picture of the protection available. While the general framework for payment cards is based on a contract between you and your bank,...
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> The practice of seizing propertyA practical, chronological and exhaustive study of the implementation of a property seizure procedure.
We put all our expertise to work to achieve a simple objective: to prevent a property seizure.
Bonding: understanding its mechanisms and pitfalls
A surety bond is a contract in which one person undertakes to pay the debt of another in the event of default. Simple on the face of it, this mechanism conceals a number of risks. The Order of 15 September 2021 overhauled this law, which had previously been scattered across a number of different codes. The basics of surety bonds Surety bonds are defined...Release of seizure - Conditions, guarantees
The maritime world has its own rules. When a ship is immobilised by a preventive seizure, an entire economic equilibrium is turned upside down. Downtime is expensive. The shipowner loses money. The goods do not arrive at their destination. Release then becomes a crucial issue for the shipowner. It represents...The system of maritime mortgages
The maritime mortgage is an essential guarantee for the maritime business. It enables shipowners to obtain financing for the acquisition or construction of ships. Let's find out more about this special legal mechanism. I. Presentation of the maritime mortgage Definition and legal nature The maritime mortgage is a security interest in a vessel without dispossession...Maritime credit: a financing system dedicated to the blue economy
I. Presentation of maritime credit Definition and objectives Maritime credit is a specialised financing mechanism designed to support activities related to the sea. It is aimed primarily at fishermen, shellfish farmers and those involved in marine farming. Its purpose? To facilitate the acquisition of vessels, modernise fishing fleets...The effects of seizure on the vessel and crew
The seizure of a vessel has far-reaching consequences for the vessel and its crew. Behind the apparent simplicity of this procedure lie considerable legal, economic and human implications. I. Immediate effects on the vessel Physical detention The seized vessel is detained in port. It cannot be...Maritime claims - Definition, types, maritime liens
The maritime world, with its specificity and particularity, has developed a set of original rules concerning claims and related guarantees. These legal mechanisms reflect the need to adapt the law to the constraints of ship operations. I. The concept of a maritime claim International definition The...Seizable and unseizable vessels
The maritime world is home to a number of legal peculiarities that are little known to the general public. The ship, a mobile object par excellence, is subject to a specific regime when it comes to seizure. Between maritime law, international law and enforcement procedures, the rules are not lacking in complexity. I. Legal definition of a ship Criteria for...Attachment of ships and execution: two procedures with different legal regimes
The seizure of a vessel is a privileged tool for maritime creditors. Far from being monolithic, there are two distinct procedures: precautionary attachment and enforcement attachment. Although these two mechanisms are both aimed at immobilising a vessel, their rationale, conditions and effects are radically different. I....Attachment of ships: procedure, conditions, effects
In maritime law, seizure remains a measure feared by shipowners. Unlike precautionary attachment, which simply detains the vessel, execution leads to its forced sale. A complex and rigid process, it pits determined creditors against shipowners in financial difficulty. I. The concept of...Preventive seizure of ships
I. Introduction to the precautionary arrest of ships The precautionary arrest of ships is a procedure that allows a ship to be temporarily detained in port. It is a preventive measure, not a definitive sanction. Its purpose is to guarantee payment of a debt by preventing the debtor from removing his pledge. In...
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