Publications
Legal regime for payment cards: developments and challenges (PSD1, PSD2, PSR1)
By Raphaël MORENON13 August 2025The payment card, once a simple withdrawal and payment tool, has become a central instrument in our economy. Its legal regime, initially fragmented and based on ordinary contract law, has undergone far-reaching changes under the impetus of European Union law. These developments have resulted in a dense regulatory framework designed to harmonise practices, enhance the security of transactions and protect consumers. To navigate this complex environment, the assistance of a lawyer with expertise in payment services law is often essential. Our comprehensive guide to payment cards in French banking law offers a first approach to the essential concepts that need to be mastered. Developments in the legal framework for payment cards in France From a few scattered provisions to a body of rules harmonised at European level, the legal regime governing payment cards has become increasingly complex, made necessary by technological developments and the need to...
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> The practice of seizing propertyA practical, chronological and exhaustive study of the implementation of a property seizure procedure.
We put all our expertise to work to achieve a simple objective: to prevent a property seizure.
Nullity, non-existence and inadmissibility: the infernal trio of procedural sanctions
In the labyrinth of procedural sanctions, three concepts stand out for their complexity and implications: nullity, non-existence and inadmissibility. These sanctions act like swords of Damocles hanging over procedural documents. Mastering them is essential for any practitioner. Inexistence in civil procedure: a theory...Regularisation of defective deeds: avoiding nullity
In the procedural jungle, a defective act can be saved. Regularisation is a valuable technique for avoiding the annulment of a procedural act. But beware: not all defects can be rectified in the same way, or within the same timeframe. Regularisation of procedural documents that are...Invalidity on substantive grounds: when the procedural document is seriously affected
In the world of procedural law, not all nullities are created equal. Unlike formal defects, which are subject to a relatively flexible regime, substantive defects benefit from special treatment that reflects their seriousness. This 'nullity-sanction' applies to irregularities that affect the essential elements of the legal act. Defects of substance...Nullity for formal defects in civil proceedings: conditions and implementation
The rules on nullity for formal defects are a key point in civil procedure. They determine when and how a procedural document can be annulled for formal irregularity. These rules, codified in articles 112 to 116 of the Code of Civil Procedure, deserve particular attention....Defect in form vs. defect in substance: understanding the key distinction in nullity cases
In the procedural jungle, a fundamental distinction structures the entire system of nullities: that between formal and substantive defects. Far from being a mere theoretical quarrel, this dichotomy determines the outcome of many disputes for the simple reason that it determines the conditions and consequences...Opposition to default judgments: admissibility criteria
Litigation can sometimes bring unpleasant surprises. People may discover that a decision has been made against them in their absence. But all is not lost: the opposition procedure offers a second chance. But it is important to know when this recourse is possible. The principle: the concept of a judgment...Opposition in civil proceedings: definition and historical development
Although little known to the general public, opposition in civil proceedings is an essential part of our legal system. This remedy enables a party who is absent from a judgment to request that it be withdrawn. The scope of its application, which has been narrowed with each reform, is worth exploring. Technical definition of opposition Article 571...The devolutive effect of the opposition and the resulting proceedings
Opposition is an ordinary legal remedy that allows a defaulting party to have a default judgment set aside. Unlike an appeal, it brings the case back before the same court. Its special feature lies in its devolutive effect, which brings about a genuine revival of the proceedings. 1. Referral to court and...Legal action: who can lodge an objection and how?
In the course of a trial, a decision may be handed down even though one party has not been able to make its voice heard. In law, this situation gives rise to the possibility of lodging an "opposition" - a specific and strictly regulated legal remedy. Who can lodge an opposition and under what conditions? Here's how. 1. Who can lodge...When the State is accountable for its actions : Specific litigation before the Judicial Agent
In the shadows of the courts, cases are played out in which the State is called to account for its actions. These special types of litigation, in which the public authorities are held to account for their regalian activities, give rise to a law of exception. Here is an analysis of the main cases handled by the Agent judiciaire de...
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