Publications

Commercial, business and competition law, Commercial paper

Bills of exchange circulate across borders. They expose economic players to a variety of national laws. When a document is drawn in one country, endorsed in another and payable in a third, which law applies? These questions require precise answers. The conflict of laws regime...

Commercial, business and competition law, Commercial paper

The dematerialisation of commercial paper took a decisive step forward with the Attractiveness Act of 13 June 2024. This legislation revolutionises the law governing bills of exchange by creating electronic transferable securities. This major innovation modernises instruments that are rooted in a centuries-old paper tradition. Companies now have a legally secure solution...

Commercial, business and competition law, Commercial paper

Bills of convenience are one of the riskiest practices in the field of payment instruments. These fictitious securities, created without any real economic consideration, expose their signatories to serious legal consequences. Their use, although tempting for companies in difficulty, constitutes an offence that is severely punished by the courts.

Commercial, business and competition law, Commercial paper

Promissory notes are an essential tool for managing trade receivables. It facilitates the granting of payment deadlines while enabling the sums due to be mobilised quickly. Less widely used than the bill of exchange, it retains its advantages for certain specific transactions and offers a legal framework...

Commercial, business and competition law, Commercial paper

Bills of exchange are a major instrument in commercial transactions. This negotiable debt instrument enables companies to obtain deferred payment of their invoices while offering the possibility of mobilising their receivables before the due date. Despite changes in payment methods, it remains a preferred tool for companies.

Commercial, business and competition law, Commercial paper

Commercial paper remains an essential legal instrument in commercial transactions. These negotiable instruments facilitate payment terms while enabling creditors to enforce their claims. Despite the development of electronic means of payment, they retain specific advantages that businesses need to be aware of. Common characteristics of...

Debt collection is a race against time. Even with an enforcement order in hand, the creditor comes up against various time obstacles that can delay or even prevent recovery. This often overlooked time dimension is a decisive factor in the effectiveness of an enforcement procedure. Time limits...

Commercial, business and competition law, Transport

The freight forwarder's position in the logistics chain gives rise to a specific liability regime. This system conditions the rights and obligations of the parties. The freight forwarder's personal liability The freight forwarder incurs personal liability in various situations relating to his duties. Basis and principle of liability Articles L....

Commercial, business and competition law, Transport

The freight forwarding contract structures relations in the transport sector. It defines the rights and duties of each party. This agreement differs from the traditional transport contract and deserves special attention. The formation of the freight forwarding contract The freight forwarding contract has a number of...

Commercial, business and competition law, Transport

The international transport of goods often involves many different players. Among them, the freight forwarder plays a special role in organising and securing operations. Its legal status, governed by French law, determines its rights and obligations vis-à-vis the other players in the logistics chain....